Quantifying the influence of yttrium doping on the densification window of barium titanate during vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL)-driven ultrafast sintering

초록

Functional perovskite oxides such as barium titanate (BaTiO3) are vital for electronic components, yet conventional sintering often causes deleterious grain coarsening. We report a transformative ultrafast sintering approach using vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) technology, achieving rapid densification with a substantial reduction in dwell time. By integrating closed-loop proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control with operando optical dilatometry, we provide time-resolved quantification of sintering kinetics. Results show that yttrium doping constricts the shrinkage temperature window (Δ T ) at the highest Y content investigated. The observed grain refinement is consistent with inhibited grain boundary mobility but is accompanied by lower final density at higher Y content. This work establishes a quantitative, kinetic-based descriptor for evaluating densification behavior on a reduced thermal budget. This platform offers a scalable, energy-efficient route for next-generation electronic components, with the potential to reduce reliance on traditional trial-and-error approaches. © 2026 Elsevier Ltd.

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