한국 전통건축의 조형성에 관한 관계미학적 비교 연구 — 소쇄원·명옥헌·병산서원의 다층적 관계 중첩을 중심으로 —

초록

(Background and Purpose) Korean spatial design has often reduced the notion of Koreanness to the visual reproduction of traditional morphological elements such as roof curves, dancheong colors, and lattice patterns. This formal emphasis has been repeatedly identified as a limitation in previous discussions of Korean architecture and interior design. A prior study on Soswaewon proposed a relational-syntactic approach as an alternative: five analytical layers (Boundary, Path, Stay, Material, Event) and six Grammatical Acts (GA-01 to GA-05, GA-07), together with an integrative criterion (GA-06) that identifies nodes where multiple layers and acts converge to generate a sense of place. This study extends that approach to Myeongokheon, a byeolseo garden of the same spatial typology as Soswaewon, and Byeongsan Seowon, a Neo-Confucian academy representing a distinct institutional typology, to examine whether multi-layered relational superimposition operates as a shared structure across typologies and how it varies according to the program and ideological purpose of each space. Traditional architecture serves as the object of analysis, while the study aims to clarify the relational-aesthetic principles that constitute its formative character. Hillier and Penn's distinction between strong-program and weak-program conditions is tentatively adopted as a supplementary analytical framework. (Method) This study adopts an interpretive qualitative comparative case study approach. Each case was decomposed into the five layers, and the applicability of the Grammatical Acts was examined using measured drawings, the 2013 precision survey report on Byeongsan Seowon, primary records including Myeongokheongi, Ryu Seongryong's poems on the site, Lee Jun's 1630 account of the restoration of worship at Jondeoksa Shrine, and prior quantitative and interpretive studies. Nodes were then identified according to five criteria: layer complexity, relational operability, meaning extensibility, archival substantiability, and typological comparability. Candidate extraction and criterion assessment were conducted independently to avoid circularity in node selection. (Results) The pavilion–pond–crape myrtle landscape at Myeongokheon and the Mandaeru–Ipgyodang forecourt axis at Byeongsan Seowon satisfied all five criteria. The byeolseo garden is characterized by the coupling of the stay, material, and event layers, structured through poetic and sensory naming, whereas Byeongsan Seowon centers on the boundary, path, and stay layers, reinforced by a semantically programmed sequence of building names, ritually prescribed patterns of spatial use, and an institutionally accumulated temporality spanning three centuries. (Conclusions) The relational characteristics of Korean traditional architecture lie not in the repetition of formal elements but in typology-specific variations in the composition of multi-layered relational superimposition. These nodal structures are substantiated by measured and archival evidence, while the generalizability of the program-based interpretation requires further verification through comparative research involving additional cases and contemporary spatial conditions.

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